Figure 2.1 The structure
of glucosamine
Glucosamine
Structure and properties
Glucosamine
(Figure 2.1) is an amino monosaccharide, consisting of glucose and the amino
acid glutamic acid.1 It is found
naturally in the body and is present in almost all human tissue, especially in
cartilage, tendons and ligament tissues. It is a precursor of the disaccharide
units of articular cartilage glycoaminoglycan (GAG), which forms most of the cartilage
tissue.1,2 The sulfate, hydrochloride and N-acetyl
forms are usually used for therapeutic purposes.Glucosamine is not found in
significant amounts in the usual diet and must be synthesised by the body. This
ability declines with age and predisposes the body to degenerative joint
disease or arthritis.
Metabolism
and pharmacokinetics
The
bioavailability of glucosamine in humans is 44% after oral ingestion, and
urinary xcretion during the first 24 hours has been shown to be 1.2% of the
dosage (7.5 g).3
Therapeutic
areas: Joint, skin and animal health
Legal classification: No restriction; may be obtainable on prescription in the UK
Recommended oral dose: 1500 mg/day
Formulations available: Tablet, capsule, patch, gel, effervescent tablet, sustained release tablet
Nutraceutical : Glucosamine
Source : Bovine trachea, shellfish
Manufacture/extraction/fermentation GRAS : Chitin acid hydrolysis,2 fish shell enzymic Hydrolysis
Analytical techniques : HPLC
Metabolites Glucosaminic acid
Nutraceutica : Glucosamine
l Dose : 7.5 g
Bioavailability 26%, 44% incorporation –into globulin
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